Physics, Chemistry & Astronomy

307 tools · page 5 of 6

Nernst Cell Potential Calculator Compute the cell potential from the Nernst equation E = E0 − (0.025693/n)·ln(Q) at 25 °C, given the standard potential, electrons transferred, and the reaction quotient.
Speed of Sound in a Medium Calculator Calculates the speed of sound in a material from its elastic (bulk) modulus and density using v = √(K/ρ).
Hess's Law Enthalpy Calculator Apply Hess's law to sum the enthalpy changes of individual reaction steps and find the overall ΔH, with an exothermic/endothermic indicator.
Projectile Range Calculator Calculate the range, maximum height and time of flight of a projectile launched over level ground.
Circular Orbital Speed Calculator Compute the circular orbital speed v = √(GM/r) for a satellite at a given radius from the center of the central body.
Equilibrium Concentration Calculator For a simple reaction A ⇌ B starting with only A, find the equilibrium product and reactant concentrations from the equilibrium constant.
Moment of Inertia of a Disk Calculator Calculate the moment of inertia of a solid disk about its central axis using I = ½·m·r² from the disk's mass and radius.
Telescope Resolving Power Calculator Calculate a telescope's resolving power using the Dawes and Rayleigh limits from its aperture in millimeters.
Distance to Horizon Calculator Eye height above the surface turned into the distance to the horizon in km and miles, using d = 3.57 × √h.
Radiation Dose Equivalent Calculator Convert an absorbed dose in grays to dose equivalent in sieverts using the ICRP radiation weighting factor for the radiation type.
Beer's Law Path Length Calculator Calculate the optical path length from absorbance using the Beer-Lambert law, l = A / (ε·c), and the resulting transmittance.
Planet Equilibrium Temperature Calculator Estimates a planet's equilibrium temperature from its star's luminosity, orbital distance and Bond albedo.
Molar Absorptivity Calculator Calculate the molar absorptivity (extinction coefficient) of a solution from absorbance, concentration, and path length using the Beer-Lambert law.
Terminal Velocity Calculator Calculate terminal velocity with air drag.
Drift Velocity Calculator Calculate the drift velocity of charge carriers in a conductor from current, density and area.
Ksp to Solubility Calculator Calculate the molar solubility of a 1:1 ionic salt from its solubility product, s = √Ksp. A staple of equilibrium chemistry for sparingly soluble salts.
Second-Order Concentration Calculator Calculates reactant concentration over time for a second-order reaction using 1/[A] = 1/[A]₀ + kt.
Weber Number Calculator Calculates the dimensionless Weber number from fluid density, velocity, characteristic length, and surface tension.
Hydrogen Energy Levels Calculator Computes the energy of a hydrogen atom's nth electron level using the Bohr model, in electronvolts and joules.
Mean Free Path Calculator Compute the mean free path of gas molecules from temperature, pressure, and molecular diameter using kinetic theory.
Physical Pendulum Period Calculator Computes the small-oscillation period T = 2π·√(I/(m·g·d)) of a physical pendulum from its moment of inertia, mass and pivot distance.
Biot Number Calculator Calculates the dimensionless Biot number Bi = h·Lc/k and checks whether the lumped-capacitance approximation (Bi < 0.1) is valid.
Mass Percent Solution Calculator Calculates the mass percent (w/w) concentration of a solution from solute and solvent masses.
Orbital Velocity Calculator Calculate circular orbital velocity from mass and radius.
Payload Mass Fraction Calculator Calculate the payload mass fraction of a vehicle or rocket: payload mass ÷ total mass, as a percentage. A key efficiency figure in aerospace and logistics design.
Deep Water Wave Speed Calculator Calculate the phase speed and period of a deep-water (gravity) wave from its wavelength using c = sqrt(g·L/2π).
Sun Angle (Solar Elevation) Calculator Calculate the solar elevation angle — how high the sun sits above the horizon — from latitude, day of the year and solar time, along with the solar declination. Useful for solar panel tilt, shading and photography.
Banked Curve Speed Calculator Find the ideal speed for a frictionless banked curve from its radius and bank angle using v = √(r·g·tanθ).
Hydraulic Power Calculator Calculate the hydraulic power of a pump or system in kilowatts and horsepower from working pressure in bar and flow rate in litres per minute.
Saturation Vapor Pressure Calculator Calculate the saturation vapor pressure of water vapor in air using the Tetens formula — the maximum vapor pressure the air can hold at a given temperature before condensation occurs.
Torricelli's Law Calculator Calculate the efflux velocity of liquid leaving a hole at a given depth (Torricelli's law).
Atwood Machine Calculator Computes the acceleration and string tension of an ideal Atwood machine from two hanging masses.
Escape Velocity Calculator Calculate the escape velocity from a celestial body using v = sqrt(2GM/r) given its mass and radius.
Tidal Disruption Distance Calculator Calculates the rigid-body Roche limit, the distance within which a satellite is torn apart by tidal forces, from the primary's radius and the two densities.
NPSH Available Calculator Calculates the net positive suction head available (NPSHa) for a pump from atmospheric and vapor pressure, static head, friction loss and fluid density.
Polytropic Process Work Calculator Computes the work done during a polytropic gas process from the start and end pressures and volumes and the polytropic index n using W = (P1·V1 − P2·V2)/(n − 1).
Angular Acceleration Calculator Calculate angular acceleration from the change in angular velocity over a time interval — α = (ω_f − ω_i) / t, used in rotational motion and rigid body dynamics.
Bounce Rebound Height Calculator Calculate the rebound height of a bouncing ball after a number of bounces from the drop height and coefficient of restitution.
Coefficient of Restitution Calculator Calculate the coefficient of restitution from the approach and separation speeds of a collision.
Constant Acceleration Distance Calculator Calculate distance traveled and final velocity under constant acceleration using initial velocity, acceleration, and time — based on the kinematics equation d = v₀t + ½at².
Geothermal Gradient Calculator Estimates the temperature at a given depth by adding the geothermal gradient times depth to the surface temperature.
Habitable Zone Distance Calculator Estimates the inner and outer bounds of a star's circumstellar habitable (Goldilocks) zone from its luminosity, or from its radius and temperature.
Half-Value Layer Calculator Compute the half-value layer (HVL) and tenth-value layer from a material's linear attenuation coefficient.
Humidity Mixing Ratio Calculator Calculate the water vapor mixing ratio from vapor pressure and total air pressure — the mass of water vapor carried per kilogram of dry air, a key humidity metric in meteorology.
Hydraulic Conductivity Calculator Computes the hydraulic conductivity (K) of an aquifer from flow rate, cross-sectional area, and hydraulic gradient using Darcy's law.
Hydrogen Ion Concentration Calculator Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration [H+], hydroxide ion concentration [OH-], and pOH of a solution from its pH value.
Limiting Reactant Calculator Determines which of two reactants is limiting by dividing each reactant's moles by its stoichiometric coefficient and comparing the ratios.
Mach Cone Angle Calculator Computes the Mach cone (Mach wave) half-angle from a supersonic Mach number using μ = arcsin(1/M).
Mass Percent Calculator Calculate the mass percent concentration of a solution from solute and solution mass.
Mass–Energy Equivalence Calculator Calculate the energy equivalent of a mass using Einstein's E = mc², in joules and megatons of TNT.
Moles to Particles Calculator Convert an amount of substance in moles to the number of particles (atoms or molecules) using Avogadro's number.
Numerical Aperture Calculator Calculate the numerical aperture and f-number of a lens from refractive index and half-angle.
Phon to Sone Calculator Loudness level in phon mapped to sones, where 40 phon is 1 sone and each further 10 phon doubles the loudness.
Power from Force and Velocity Calculator Calculates mechanical power from a force and the velocity at which it acts, using P = F × v.
Projectile Impact Velocity Calculator Compute the impact speed of an object given its initial velocity and a vertical drop height, using v = √(v0² + 2·g·h).
Reverberation Time (RT60) Calculator Estimate a room's RT60 reverberation time using the Sabine formula from its volume, surface area, and average absorption coefficient.
Rocket Burn Time Calculator Calculate how long a rocket engine burns given its total propellant mass and mass flow rate (propellant consumed per second).
Rocket Mass Ratio Calculator Calculate a rocket's mass ratio (wet mass ÷ dry mass) and propellant mass fraction from its fueled (wet) and empty (dry) mass — key inputs to the rocket equation.
Salinity (%) to Practical salinity units Converter Salinity given as a mass percentage of salt, shown in parts per thousand and practical salinity units, both ten times the percentage.
Snow-to-Water Ratio Calculator Calculate the snow-to-water ratio — how many units of fresh snowfall correspond to one unit of melted water — a key figure for forecasters, skiers, and water resource planning.